40 CFR Part 265 -- INTERIM STATUS
STANDARDS FOR OWNERS AND OPERATORS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL
FACILITIES
§265.197 Closure and post-closure care.
(a) At closure of a tank system, the owner or operator must remove or decontaminate all
waste residues, contaminated containment system components (liners, etc.), contaminated
soils, and structures and equipment contaminated with waste, and manage them as hazardous
waste, unless §261.3(d) of this Chapter applies. The closure plan, closure activities,
cost estimates for closure, and financial responsibility for tank systems must meet all of
the requirements specified in subparts G and H of this part.
(b) If the owner or operator demonstrates that not all contaminated soils can be
practicably removed or decontaminated as required in paragraph (a) of this section, then
the owner or operator must close the tank system and perform post-closure care in
accordance with the closure and post-closure care requirements that apply to landfills
(§265.310) In addition, for the purposes of closure, post-closure, and financial
responsibility, such a tank system is then to be a landfill, and the owner or operator
must meet all of the requirements for landfills specified in subparts G and H of this
part.
(c) If an owner or operator has a tank system which does not have secondary containment
that meets the requirements of §265.193(b) through (f) and which is not exempt from the
secondary containment requirements in accordance with §265.193(g), then,
(1) The closure plan for the tank system must include both a plan for complying with
paragraph (a) of this section and a contingent plan for complying with paragraph (b) of
this section.
(2) A contingent post-closure plan for complying with paragraph (b) of this section must
be prepared and submitted as part of the permit application.
(3) The cost estimates calculated for closure and post-closure care must reflect the costs
of complying with the contingent closure plan and the contingent post-closure plan, if
these costs are greater than the costs of complying with the closure plan prepared for the
expected closure under paragraph (a) of this section.
(4) Financial assurance must be based on the cost estimates in paragraph (c)(3) of this
section.
(5) For the purposes of the contingent closure and post-closure plans, such a tank system
is considered to be a landfill, and the contingent plans must meet all of the closure,
post-closure, and financial responsibility requirements for landfills under subparts G and
H of this part.
(Information collection requirements contained in paragraphs (a)-(c) were approved by the
Office of Management and Budget under control number 2050-0050)
§265.198 Special requirements for ignitable or reactive wastes.
(a) Ignitable or reactive waste must not be placed in a tank system, unless:
(1) The waste is treated, rendered, or mixed before or immediately after placement in the
tank system so that:
(i) The resulting waste, mixture, or dissolved material no longer meets the definition of
ignitable or reactive waste under §261.21 or §261.23 of this chapter; and
(ii) Section 265.17(b) is complied with; or
(2) The waste is stored or treated in such a way that it is protected from any material or
conditions that may cause the waste to ignite or react; or
(3) The tank system is used solely for emergencies.
(b) The owner or operator of a facility where ignitable or reactive waste is stored or
treated in tanks must comply with the requirements for the maintenance of protective
distances between the waste management area and any public ways, streets, alleys, or an
adjoining property line that can be built upon as required in Tables 2-1 through 2-6 of
the National Fire Protection Association's "Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code,''
(1977 or 1981), (incorporated by reference, see §260.11).
§265.199 Special requirements for incompatible wastes.
(a) Incompatible wastes, or incompatible waste and materials, must not be placed in the
same tank system, unless §§265.17(b) is complied with.
(b) Hazardous waste must not be placed in a tank system that has not been decontaminated
and that previously held an incompatible waste or material, unless §265.17(b) is complied
with.
§265.200 Waste analysis and trial tests.
In addition to performing the waste analysis required by §§265.13, the owner or operator
must, whenever a tank system is to be used to treat chemically or to store a hazardous
waste that is substantially different from waste previously treated or stored in that tank
system; or treat chemically a hazardous waste with a substantially different process than
any previously used in that tank system:
(a) Conduct waste analyses and trial treatment or storage tests (e.g., bench-scale or
pilot-plant scale tests); or
(b) Obtain written, documented information on similar waste under similar operating
conditions to show that the proposed treatment or storage will meet the requirements of
§§265.194(a).
Note: Section 265.13 requires the waste analysis plan to include analyses needed to comply
with §§265.198 and 265.199. Section 265.73 requires the owner or operator to place the
results from each waste analysis and trial test, or the documented information, in the
operating record of the facility.
§265.201 Special requirements for generators of between 100 and 1,000 kg/mo that
accumulate hazardous waste in tanks.
(a) The requirements of this section apply to small quantity generators of more than 100
kg but less than 1,000 kg of hazardous waste in a calendar month, that accumulate
hazardous waste in tanks for less than 180 days (or 270 days if the generator must ship
the waste greater than 200 miles), and do not accumulate over 6,000 kg on-site at any
time.
(b) Generators of between 100 and 1,000 kg/mo hazardous waste must comply with the
following general operating requirements:
(1) Treatment or storage of hazardous waste in tanks must comply with §265.17(b).
(2) Hazardous wastes or treatment reagents must not be placed in a tank if they could
cause the tank or its inner liner to rupture, leak, corrode, or otherwise fail before the
end of its intended life.
(3) Uncovered tanks must be operated to ensure at least 60 centimeters (2 feet) of
freeboard, unless the tank is equipped with a containment structure (e.g., dike or
trench), a drainage control system, or a diversion structure (e.g., standby tank) with a
capacity that equals or exceeds the volume of the top 60 centimeters (2 feet) of the tank.
(4) Where hazardous waste is continuously fed into a tank, the tank must be equipped with
a means to stop this inflow (e.g., waste feed cutoff system or by-pass system to a
stand-by tank).
Note: These systems are intended to be used in the event of a leak or overflow from the
tank due to a system failure (e.g., a malfunction in the treatment process, a crack in the
tank, etc.).
(c) Generators of between 100 and 1,000 kg/mo accumulating hazardous waste in tanks must
inspect, where present:
(1) Discharge control equipment (e.g., waste feed cutoff systems, by-pass systems, and
drainage systems) at least once each operating day, to ensure that it is in good working
order;
(2) Data gathered from monitoring equipment (e.g., pressure and temperature gauges) at
least once each operating day to ensure that the tank is being operated according to its
design;
(3) The level of waste in the tank at least once each operating day to ensure compliance
with §265.201(b)(3);
(4) The construction materials of the tank at least weekly to detect corrosion or leaking
of fixtures or seams; and
(5) The construction materials of, and the area immediately surrounding, discharge
confinement structures (e.g., dikes) at least weekly to detect erosion or obvious signs of
leakage (e.g., wet spots or dead vegetation).
Note: As required by §265.15(c), the owner or operator must remedy any deterioration or
malfunction he finds.
(d) Generators of between 100 and 1,000 kg/mo accumulating hazardous waste in tanks must,
upon closure of the facility, remove all hazardous waste from tanks, discharge control
equipment, and discharge confinement structures.
Note: At closure, as throughout the operating period, unless the owner or operator can
demonstrate, in accordance with §261.3(c) or (d) of this chapter, that any solid waste
removed from his tank is not a hazardous waste, the owner or operator becomes a generator
of hazardous waste and must manage it in accordance with all applicable requirements of
Parts 262, 263, and 265 of this chapter.
(e) Generators of between 100 and 1,000 kg/mo must comply with the following special
requirements for ignitable or reactive waste:
(1) Ignitable or reactive waste must not be placed in a tank, unless:
(i) The waste is treated, rendered, or mixed before or immediately after placement in a
tank so that (A) the resulting waste, mixture, or dissolution of material no longer meets
the definition of ignitable or reactive waste under §261.21 or §261.23 of this chapter,
and
(B) §265.17(b) is complied with; or
(ii) The waste is stored or treated in such a way that it is protected from any material
or conditions that may cause the waste to ignite or react; or
(iii) The tank is used solely for emergencies.
(2) The owner or operator of a facility which treats or stores ignitable or reactive waste
in covered tanks must comply with the buffer zone requirements for tanks contained in
Tables 2-1 through 2-6 of the National Fire Protection Association's "Flammable and
Combustible Liquids Code,'' (1977 or 1981) (incorporated by reference, see §§260.11).
(f) Generators of between 100 and 1,000 kg/mo must comply with the following special
requirements for incompatible wastes:
(1) Incompatible wastes, or incompatible wastes and materials, (see appendix V for
examples) must not be placed in the same tank, unless §265.17(b) is complied with.
(2) Hazardous waste must not be placed in an unwashed tank which previously held an
incompatible waste or material, unless §265.17(b) is complied with.
(51 FR 25479, July 14, 1986, as amended at 53 FR 34087, Sept. 2, 1988)
Subpart K -- Surface Impoundments
§265.220 Applicability.
The regulations in this subpart apply to owners and operators of facilities that use
surface impoundments to treat, store, or dispose of hazardous waste, except as §265.1
provides otherwise.
§265.221 Design and operating requirements.
(a) The owner or operator of each new surface impoundment unit on which construction
commences after January 29, 1992, each lateral expansion of a surface impoundment unit on
which construction commences after July 29, 1992, and each replacement of an existing
surface impoundment unit that is to commence reuse after July 29, 1992 must install two or
more liners and a leachate collection and removal system between such liners, and operate
the leachate collection and removal system, in accordance with §264.221(c), unless
exempted under §264.221(d), (e), or (f), of this chapter. "Construction commences''
is as defined in §260.10 of this chapter under "existing facility.''
(b) The owner or operator of each unit referred to in paragraph (a) of this section must
notify the Regional Administrator at least sixty days prior to receiving waste. The owner
or operator of each facility submitting notice must file a Part B application within six
months of the receipt of such notice.
(c) The owner or operator of any replacement surface impoundment unit is exempt from
paragraph (a) of this section if:
(1) The existing unit was constructed in compliance with the design standards of
3004(o)(1)(A)(i) and (o)(5) of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act; and
(2) There is no reason to believe that the liner is not functioning as designed.
(d) The double liner requirement set forth in paragraph (a) of this section may be waived
by the Regional Administrator for any monofill, if:
(1) The monofill contains only hazardous wastes from foundry furnace emission controls or
metal casting molding sand, and such wastes do not contain constituents which would render
the wastes hazardous for reasons other than the Toxicity Characteristic in §261.24 of
this chapter, with EPA Hazardous Waste Numbers D004 through D017; and
(2)(i)(A) The monofill has at least one liner for which there is no evidence that such
liner in leaking. For the purposes of this paragraph the term "liner'' means a liner
designed, constructed, installed, and operated to prevent hazardous waste from passing
into the liner at any time during the active life of the facility, or a liner designed,
constructed, installed, and operated to prevent hazardous waste from migrating beyond the
liner to adjacent subsurface soil, ground water, or surface water at any time during the
active life of the facility. In the case of any surface impoundment which has been
exempted from the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section on the basis of a liner
designed, constructed, installed, and operated to prevent hazardous waste from passing
beyond the liner, at the closure of such impoundment the owner or operator must remove or
decontaminate all waste residues, all contaminated liner material, and soil to the extent
practicable. If all contaminated soil it is not removed or decontaminated, the owner of
operator of such impoundment must comply with appropriate post-closure requirements,
including but not limited to ground-water monitoring and corrective action;
(B) The monofill is located more than one-quarter mile from an underground source of
drinking water (as that term is defined in §144.3 of this chapter); and
(C) The monofill is in compliance with generally applicable ground-water monitoring
requirements for facilities with permits under RCRA section 3005(c); or
(ii) The owner or operator demonstrates that the monofill is located, designed and
operated so as to assure that there will be no migration of any hazardous constituent into
ground water or surface water at any future time.
(e) In the case of any unit in which the liner and leachate collection system has been
installed pursuant to the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section and in good faith
compliance with paragraph (a) of this section and with guidance documents governing liners
and leachate collection systems under paragraph (a) of this section, no liner or leachate
collection system which is different from that which was so installed pursuant to
paragraph (a) of this section will be required for such unit by the Regional Administrator
when issuing the first permit to such facility, except that the Regional Administrator
will not be precluded from requiring installation of a new liner when the Regional
Administrator has reason to believe that any liner installed pursuant to the requirements
of paragraph (a) of this section is leaking.
(f) A surface impoundment must maintain enough freeboard to prevent any overtopping of the
dike by overfilling, wave action, or a storm. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this
section, there must be at least 60 centimeters (two feet) of freeboard.
(g) A freeboard level less than 60 centimeters (two feet) may be maintained if the owner
or operator obtains certification by a qualified engineer that alternate design features
or operating plans will, to the best of his knowledge and opinion, prevent overtopping of
the dike. The certification, along with a written identification of alternate design
features or operating plans preventing overtopping, must be maintained at the facility.
(50 FR 16048, Apr. 23, 1985. Redesignated at 57 FR 3492, Jan. 29, 1992. 50 FR 28749, July
15, 1985, as amended at 55 FR 11876, Mar. 29, 1990; 57 FR 3492, Jan. 29, 1992)
Effective Date Note: At 57 FR 3492, Jan. 29, 1992, 265.221 was amended by revising the
section heading and paragraphs (a) and (c), and by redesignating paragraphs (a) and (b) of
§265.222 as (f) and (g) of 265.221, effective July 29, 1992. For the convenience of the
reader, the superseded text is set forth below.
§265.221 Design requirements.
(a) The owner or operator of a surface impoundment must install two or more liners and
leachate collection system in accordance with §264.221(c) of this chapter, with respect
to each new unit, replacement of an existing unit, or lateral expansion of an existing
unit that is within the area identified in the Part A permit application, and with respect
to waste received beginning May 8, 1985.
* * * * *
(c) Paragraph (a) of this section will not apply if the owner or operator demonstrates to
the Regional Administrator, and the Regional Administrator finds for such surface
impoundment, that alternative design and operating practices, together with location
characteristics, will prevent the migration of any hazardous constituent into the ground
water or surface water at least as effectively as such liners and leachate collection
systems.
* * * * *
§265.222 Action leakage rate.
(a) The owner or operator of surface impoundment units subject to §265.221(a) must submit
a proposed action leakage rate to the Regional when submitting the notice required under
§265.221(b). Within 60 days of receipt of the notification, the Regional Administrator
will: Establish an action leakage rate, either as proposed by the owner or operator or
modified using the criteria in this section; or extend the review period for up to 30
days. If no action is taken by the Regional Administrator before the original 60 or
extended 90 day review periods, the action leakage rate will be approved as proposed by
the owner or operator.
(b) The Regional Administrator shall approve an action leakage rate for surface
impoundment units subject to §265.221(a). The action leakage rate is the maximum design
flow rate that the leak detection system (LDS) can remove without the fluid head on the
bottom liner exceeding 1 foot. The action leakage rate must include an adequate safety
margin to allow for uncertainties in the design (e.g., slope, hydraulic conductivity,
thickness of drainage material), construction, and location of the LDS, waste and leachate
characteristics, likelihood and amounts of other sources of liquids in the LDS, and
proposed response actions (e.g., the action leakage rate must consider decreases in the
flow capacity of the system over time resulting from siltation and clogging, rib layover
and creep of synthetic components of the system, overburden pressures, etc.).
(c) To determine if the action leakage rate has been exceeded, the owner or operator must
convert the weekly or monthly flow rate from the monitoring data obtained under
§265.226(b), to an average daily flow rate (gallons per acre per day) for each sump.
Unless the Regional Administrator approves a different calculation, the average daily flow
rate for each sump must be calculated weekly during the active life and closure period,
and if the unit closes in accordance with §265.228(a)(2), monthly during the post-closure
care period when monthly monitoring is required under 265.226(b).
(57 FR 3492, Jan. 29, 1992)
Effective Date Note: At 57 FR 3492, Jan. 29, 1992, 265.222 was amended by redesignating
paragraphs (a) and (b) as (f) and (g) of §265.221, by revising the section heading and by
adding new paragraphs (a) through (c), effective July 29, 1992.
§265.223 Containment system.
All earthen dikes must have a protective cover, such as grass, shale, or rock, to minimize
wind and water erosion and to preserve their structural integrity.
(a) The owner or operator of surface impoundment units subject to §265.221(a) must submit
a response action plan to the Regional Administrator when submitting the proposed action
leakage rate under §265.222. The response action plan must set forth the actions to be
taken if the action leakage rate has been exceeded. At a minimum, the response action plan
must describe the actions specified in paragraph (b) of this section.
(b) If the flow rate into the leak detection system exceeds the action leakage rate for
any sump, the owner or operator must:
(1) Notify the Regional Administrator in writing of the exceedence within 7 days of the
determination;
(2) Submit a preliminary written assessment to the Regional Administrator within 14 days
of the determination, as to the amount of liquids, likely sources of liquids, possible
location, size, and cause of any leaks, and short-term actions taken and planned;
(3) Determine to the extent practicable the location, size, and cause of any leak;
(4) Determine whether waste receipt should cease or be curtailed, whether any waste should
be removed from the unit for inspection, repairs, or controls, and whether or not the unit
should be closed;
(5) Determine any other short-term and longer-term actions to be taken to mitigate or stop
any leaks; and
(6) Within 30 days after the notification that the action leakage rate has been exceeded,
submit to the Regional Administrator the results of the analyses specified in paragraphs
(b)(3), (4), and (5) of this section, the results of actions taken, and actions planned.
Monthly thereafter, as long as the flow rate in the leak detection system exceeds the
action leakage rate, the owner or operator must submit to the Regional Administrator a
report summarizing the results of any remedial actions taken and actions planned.
(c) To make the leak and/or remediation determinations in paragraphs (b)(3), (4), and (5)
of this section, the owner or operator must:
(1)(i) Assess the source of liquids and amounts of liquids by source,
(ii) Conduct a fingerprint, hazardous constituent, or other analyses of the liquids in the
leak detection system to identify the source of liquids and possible location of any
leaks, and the hazard and mobility of the liquid; and
(iii) Assess the seriousness of any leaks in terms of potential for escaping into the
environment; or
(2) Document why such assessments are not needed.
(57 FR 3492, Jan. 29, 1992)
Editorial Note: At 57 FR 3492, Jan. 29, 1992 the Environmental Protection Agency added
§265.223, effective July 29, 1992. Since a §265.223 already exists, both sections appear
above. An agency correction will be published in the Federal Register at a later date.
§265.224 (Reserved)
§265.225 Waste analysis and trial tests.
(a) In addition to the waste analyses required by §265.13, whenever a surface impoundment
is to be used to:
(1) Chemically treat a hazardous waste which is substantially different from waste
previously treated in that impoundment; or
(2) Chemically treat hazardous waste with a substantially different process than any
previously used in that impoundment; the owner or operator must, before treating the
different waste or using the different process:
(i) Conduct waste analyses and trial treatment tests (e.g., bench scale or pilot plant
scale tests); or
(ii) Obtain written, documented information on similar treatment of similar waste under
similar operating conditions; to show that this treatment will comply with §265.17(b).
(Comment: As required by §265.13, the waste analysis plan must include analyses needed to
comply with §§265.229 and 265.230. As required by §265.73, the owner or operator must
place the results from each waste analysis and trial test, or the documented information,
in the operating record of the facility.)
§265.226 Monitoring and inspection.
(a) The owner or operator must inspect:
(1) The freeboard level at least once each operating day to ensure compliance with
§265.222, and
(2) The surface impoundment, including dikes and vegetation surrounding the dike, at least
once a week to detect any leaks, deterioration, or failures in the impoundment.
(b)(1) An owner or operator required to have a leak detection system under §265.221(a)
must record the amount of liquids removed from each leak detection system sump at least
once each week during the active life and closure period.
(2) After the final cover is installed, the amount of liquids removed from each leak
detection system sump must be recorded at least monthly. If the liquid level in the sump
stays below the pump operating level for two consecutive months, the amount of liquids in
the sumps must be recorded at least quarterly. If the liquid level in the sump stays below
the pump operating level for two consecutive quarters, the amount of liquids in the sumps
must be recorded at least semi-annually. If at any time during the post-closure care
period the pump operating level is exceeded at units on quarterly or semi-annual recording
schedules, the owner or operator must return to monthly recording of amounts of liquids
removed from each sump until the liquid level again stays below the pump operating level
for two consecutive months.
(3) "Pump operating level'' is a liquid level proposed by the owner or operator and
approved by the Regional Administrator based on pump activation level, sump dimensions,
and level that avoids backup into the drainage layer and minimizes head in the sump. The
timing for submission and approval of the proposed "pump operating level'' will be in
accordance with §265.222(a).
(Comment: As required by §265.15(c), the owner or operator must remedy any deterioration
or malfunction he finds.)
(45 FR 33232, May 19, 1980, as amended at 57 FR 3493, Jan. 29, 1992)
Effective Date Note: At 57 FR 3493, Jan. 29, 1992, 265.226 was amended by revising the
section heading and adding new paragraph (b), effective July 29, 1992.
§265.227 (Reserved)
§265.228 Closure and post-closure care.
(a) At closure, the owner or operator must:
(1) Remove or decontaminate all waste residues, contaminated containment system components
(liners, etc.), contaminated subsoils, and structures and equipment contaminated with
waste and leachate, and manage them as hazardous waste unless §§261.3(d) of this chapter
applies; or
(2) Close the impoundment and provide post-closure care for a landfill under subpart G and
§265.310, including the following:
(i) Eliminate free liquids by removing liquid wastes or solidifying the remaining wastes
and waste residues;
(ii) Stabilize remaining wastes to a bearing capacity sufficient to support the final
cover; and
(iii) Cover the surface impoundment with a final cover designed and constructed to:
(A) Provide long-term minimization of the migration of liquids through the closed
impoundment;
(B) Function with minimum maintenance;
(C) Promote drainage and minimize erosion or abrasion of the cover;
(D) Accommodate settling and subsidence so that the cover's integrity is maintained; and
(E) Have a permeability less than or equal to the permeability of any bottom liner system
or natural subsoils present.
(b) In addition to the requirements of subpart G, and §265.310, during the post-closure
care period, the owner or operator of a surface impoundment in which wastes, waste
residues, or contaminated materials remain after closure in accordance with the provisions
of paragraph (a)(2) of this section must:
(1) Maintain the integrity and effectiveness of the final cover, including making repairs
to the cover as necessary to correct the effects of settling, subsidence, erosion, or
other events;
(2) Maintain and monitor the leak detection system in accordance with §265.221(c)(2)(iv)
and (3) of this chapter and §265.226(b) and comply with all other applicable leak
detection system requirements of this part;
(3) Maintain and monitor the ground-water monitoring system and comply with all other
applicable requirements of subpart F of this part; and
(4) Prevent run-on and run-off from eroding or otherwise damaging the final cover.
(52 FR 8708, Mar. 19, 1987, as amended at 57 FR 3493, Jan. 29, 1992)
Effective Date Note: At 57 FR 3493, Jan. 29, 1992, §265.228 was amended by redesignating
paragraphs (b)(2) and (3) as paragraphs (b)(3) and (4), and by adding a new paragraph
(b)(2), effective July 29, 1992.